Sanzyusseiki-no-mori

Sakusei: 2001-09-14
Teire(2): 2002-03-21

2. Kotoba no kumitate

2-2. Kumiawase

Kumiawase wa, hutatu izyô no yôso o norizuke ni site yori issô komiitta imi no kotoba o tukuru sikumi de aru. Tatoeba "rômazi" wa, rôma + zi to iu hutatu no meisi o kumiawaseta kotoba to sireru. Kumiawase o naritataseru yôso wa, kotoba no kirehasi kara kotoba no turanari made han'i ga hiroku, sono kumitate mo ue no yô na assari sita mono kara nazotoki no yô na mono made syurui ga ôi.

Kumiawase wa kotoba no kumitate no omo na nagare o nasu. Hukaku kangaenakute mo wari to yasasiku tukureru kara de aru. Sikasi riyû wa hoka ni mo aru. Sunawati, Nihongo wa zyosi no hataraki ga tuyoi tame ni kotoba o sadamatta kata ni atehamete bunsyô o tukuru hituyô ga nai. Kore wa hyôgen no hirogari to nobiyakasa ni azukaru ga, bunsyô o nagatarasiku suru kirai ga aru. Kumiawase wa honrai nara bunsetu, aruiwa bunsyô ni naru yô na iimawasi o hitotu no kotoba ni assyuku suru yakuwari mo ninau. Koko kara osihakareyô ga, kumiawase wa kakikotoba; toku ni senmon yôgo nado de itizirusiku hattatu si, hanasikotoba; nitizyô kaiwa de motiiru wariai wa sahodo ôku nai.

Nihongo wa oto ni mazusii tame, kumiawase no hattatu wa kekka to site onazi oto no ue ni amata no kotoba o kasanegaku (dôon'igigo o tukuru) koto ni tunagatta. Kore wa kanzi to iu sikumi ga atta kara koso nasieta no de atte, rômazi no yô na massara na sikumi ni wa okikaerarenai. Rômazi ni kumisuru mono wa, kono ten o yoku atama ni tomete okitai.

Kumiawase wa ôzappa ni bunrui sureba wago keiretu to kango keiretu no hutatu ni wakareru ga, kango keiretu no kumiawase wa Rômazi de wa tukawanai hô ga yoi. Yomiyasui Rômazi o kaku tame ni wa, Kanzi-kana no kakikotoba de ôku motiirareru kango keiretu no kumiawase o takumi ni sakete bunsyô o kumitateru hituyô ga aru.

Kumiawase no syurui

Kumiawase wa sansû ni okikaete kangaeru to wakariyasui ga, sirusi o narabetateru no ga mokuteki de wa nai no de kotoba ni okikaeru yô ni tutometa. Ika, Rômazi de no atukai ni omosi o oite noberu.

1. A to B ga onazi: Tatamikotoba (Zyôgo)

Tatamikotoba wa Nisi Yôroppa gengo bunpô no eikyô kara ka hukusûkei to toraeru muki ga ôi ga, tadasiku nai.

  1. Taigen o kasane, onazi tagui no atumari o arawasu kotoba o tukuru.

    wareware, hitobito, hitotu hitotu

    3 onsetu mata wa sore izyô o kasaneru baai de hitotuzuri ni sinai narawasi ga aru rasii. Tugi no tuyome to issyokuta ni sareta yô da.

  2. Onazi kotoba o kasane, tuyome o arawasu.

    Aitu ni wa tada tada akireru.

    Matigawareyasui no de aete toriageta ga, kore wa kumiawase de wa nai. Wakatigaki de wa tatamikotoba no yô ni hitotuzuri ni site wa naranai.

  3. Dôsi (ni zyodôsi ga tuita mono) no ren'yôkei o kasane, ugoki ya uturikawari o arawasu.

    Bîru o nominomi terebi o miru.
    Osoruosoru rômazi de kaite miru.

    Wakatigaki de wa hitotuzuri ni suru. Tadasi, zissai wa yokosen de tunaida rei ga atikoti de miukerareru.

  4. Keiyôsi gokan o kasane, sono kotogara ga uturiyuku toki no nagare no naka de, uturou koto naku naritatu sama o arawasu kotoba o tukuru.

    kowagowa, sirazira, tikazika, araarasii

    Matubi no rei no yô ni, tatamikotoba o gokan to site hutatabi keiyôsi o tukuru koto mo aru. Rômazi de wa tune ni hitotuzuri ni suru.

2. A to B ga onazi tagui: Assyuku

Sorera o hukumu zentai o arawasu kotoba o tukuru. Assyuku wa kango keiretu (kanzi o motiite tukuru mono) ga hotondo de aru.

  1. A to B ga tui

    Wago keiretu:
    yosiasi, yoruhiru
    Kango keiretu:
    kahi (sansei to hantai; yosiasi)
    tyûya (hiru to yoru; yoruhiru)
    sonpi (tattosa to iyasisa)
    singi (makoto to ituwari)
  2. A to B o hasira to suru onazi tagui

    Wago keiretu:
    arekore
    Kango keiretu:
    sômoku (kusa ya ki)
    tyôson (mati ya mura)
    kyôdai (ani ya otôto)
  3. Yori komiitta kumiawase o tukuru mono mo ôi ga, moppara sita no hutatu no dotira ka no katati o toru.

    Tumeawase:
    (a+b)+(c+d)
    zyôge sayû
    (ue + sita) + (hidari + migi)
    katyô hûgetu
    (hana + tori) + (kaze + tuki)
    Yokonarabi:
    a+b+c+d
    todôhuken
    to + dô + hu + ken
    sityôson
    si + mati + mura
  4. Assyuku o yôso to site, yori ôkina kumiawase o tukuru koto mo ôi.

    todôhukentyô
    = (to + dô + hu + ken)tyô
    = totyô + dôtyô + hutyô + kentyô
    syôtyûgakkô
    = (syô + tyû)gakkô
    = syôgakkô + tyûgakkô

Wakatigaki ga yuragu bubun to iu no wa, ue de mirareru yô na kotoba de itizirusii. Tatoeba "syôtyûgakkô" no "syôtyû-" wa (ii) ni ataru assyuku da ga, kotoba no kirehasi ni sugizu, sore dake de wa naritatienai. Yotte "syôtyûgakkô" to hitotuzuri ni kaku hoka nai. Tokoro ga, "tinsyaku keiyaku" de wa dô de arô. Naritati wa "syôtyûgakkô" to nikayou ga, "tinsyaku" wa kotoba to site naritatu. Zissai kono baai wa hutatu ni wakatigaku no ga ippanteki de aru.

Kakidasi de kango keiretu no kumiawase wa tukaenai to nobeta ga, Rômazi no Nihongo (i.e. seisyohô) o kangaeru no nara, kono yô na naritati no kotoba o tukau no wa tutomete sakenakereba naranai. Assyuku wa moppara kanzi ni sonawaru imi ni tayotte kotoba o tukuru tame, Rômazi to site wa sikumi no ue de mo, koe ni dasu oto to site mo, naritatanai kara de aru.

3. A to B ga kotonaru: Tasiawase (Gôseigo)

Ippan ni kumiawase to yobareru no wa kono naritati no kotoba o iu. Hutatu izyô no kotoba o norizuke ni site, imi o tasiawaseta kotoba o tukuru.

  1. Meisi + Meisi = Meisi
    Mottomo yasasii tasiawase. Imi wa A no B.

    hosi + kage = hosikage
    no (nohara) + bara = nobara
    rôma + zi = rômazi
    zidôsya + kôzyô = zidôsya kôzyô
    densi + kenbikyô = densi kenbikyô

    Wakatigaki wa wago keiretu to kango keiretu de yaya kotonaru. Wago keiretu wa ippan ni hitomatome ni suru. Kango keiretu wa kotoba to site naritatu mottomo tîsana tan'i de hitomatome ni suru. Tadasi hitotu no oto kara naru kotoba ga mae usiro de tunagaru baai (tatoeba, rômazi no "zi") wa, setubigo aruiwa settôgo no wakatigaki ni sitagau. Nao, kono gensoku wa ômune wakatigaki zenpan ni watatte atehamaru.

  2. Meisi + Dôsi ren'yôkei = Meisi
    Meisi + Kakuzyosi + Dôsi to narabete bunsyô o nasu iimawasi o hitotu no meisi ni suru.

    kokorogawari = kokoro ga kawaru koto
    kusamusiri = kusa o musiru koto
    anatamakase = anata ni makaseru koto
    teami = te de amu koto
    hyôkai = kôri ga tokeru koto
    sakusi = si (siika) o tukuru koto
    dokusatu = doku de korosu koto
    kikyô = hurusato ni kaeru koto
    sinki kaiten = atarasiku mise o hiraku koto

    "sakusi" "kaiten" ni mirareru yô na yomikata - naritati tomo ni kango ni yoru tasiawase wa, kanbun bunpô no kumitate ni sitagau. Nihongo to wa minamoto kara kotonaru sikumi o kanzi o ategau koto de muri ni toriireta no de ari, Rômazi de wa mattaku naritatanai.

  3. Meisi + Keiyôsi gokan = Keiyô dôsi gokan (mata wa Meisi)
    Meisi + Kakuzyosi + Keiyôsi to narabete bunsyô o nasu iimawasi o hitotu no meisi ni suru.

    nozomisukuna = nozomi ga sukunai sama
    mizika = mi (i.e. karada) ni tikai sama
    kyûzinnan = kyûzin ga muzukasii sama

    Kono tasiawase no katati wa (ii) to onazi de, zyutugo bubun ga keiyôsi ni okikawatta dake de aru. Kekka to site keiyô dôsi no katati o toru no wa, keiyôsi gokan = keiyô dôsi gokan to iu seisitu ni yoru.

  4. Dôsi ren'yôkei + Meisi = Meisi
    Dôsi ren'yôkei wa meisi da kara, (i) ni zyunzuru katati to kangaete yoi. Bunsyô ni naoseba, ômune wa dôsi ni zyodôsi -ta aruiwa -(ra)reru o oginatta mono + meisi no katati de toraerareru.

    yatoinusi = yatotta nusi
    waraigao = waratta kao
    nomimizu = nomeru (nomareru) mizu
    deguti = derareru kuti
    sinidoki = sineru (=sinu beki) toki
    zankin = nokotta kane
    syutuenryô = syutuen sita ryokin = ... de eta ryokin

    Kango dôsi o motiiru tasiawase de wa (i) de kangaeta hô ga wakariyasui baai ga aru. Nao, ue no rei kara sireyô ga, yôso ga s-hen dôsi no baai wa gokan o ategau.

  5. Dôsi ren'yôkei + Dôsi ren'yôkei = Meisi
    Yôgen de areba hukugô dôsi o tukuru. Imi wa A site (sinagara) B suru koto.

    tabearuki = tabenagara aruku koto
    nakiwarai = nakinagara warau koto
    kenkawakare = kenka site wakareru koto

    Kono tagui wa hukugô dôsi o ren'yôkei de tometa katati to kangaete yoi. Kuwasiku wa hoka de noberu.

  6. Keiyôsi (Keiyô dôsi) gokan + Meisi = Meisi
    Keiyôsi + meisi de bunsetu o tukuru iimawasi o hitotu no meisi ni suru.

    aozora = aoi sora
    hika = kanasii uta
    danki = atatakai ki (kûki)

  7. Keiyôsi (keiyô dôsi) gokan + Dôsi ren'yôkei = Meisi
    Keiyôsi + Dôsi to narabereba bunsyô o tukuru iimawasi o hitotu no meisi ni suru.

    takadomari = takaku tomaru sama = takai tokoro de tomaru sama
    gekkô = hagesiku takaburu sama

Kono hoka ni mo ikutu ka kumiawase ga kangaerareru ga, ômune ue de toriageta katati no dore ka de setumei siuru. Koko de toriageta tatoe wa mizikai kumiawase bakari da ga, zissai ni wa korera ga ikutu ka kasanatte komiitta kumiawase o tukuru koto ga ôi. Toku ni kango keiretu wa kumitateyasuku, zitu ni nagatarasii kumiawase o tukuru koto ga sibasiba aru.

syôsi kôreika syakai
kôkyôgakudan

Ippan ni wa kô iu no o kumiawase to yobu no darô. Sikasi Rômazi de wa "syôsi kôreika syakai" wa "kodomo ga sukunaku tosiyori no ôi yononaka" to iimawasu hoka nai. Onazi kotoba ga hoka no rômazi gengo de dono yô ni arawasareru ka o kangaereba, yahari usiro no rei ni tikai koto ga sireyô.

Hoka no gengo de ki ni naranai iimawasi ga Nihongo de taegatai nagasa ni kanzerareru no wa, Nihongo wa oto ni mazusiku, boin ga tuyoi tame de aru. Kono kôritu no warusa ni azukatte tikara atta no ga kanzi de ari, kango keiretu no kumiawase de atta. Nihongo ga imasara rômazi ni naranai mottomo ôkina riyû ga koko ni aru.

Mata, "kôkyôgakudan" wa, kumiawase no kangaekata de wakatigaki ga kawaru kotoba de aru. Watasi wa (kôkyô + gaku) + dan to toraeta ga, kôkyô + gakudan de ikenai riyû wa nan de arô?

Doitugo de kôkyôgakudan wa sinfonie orchester to iu. Sikasi sinfonieorchester to kaite mo sasisawari wa nai. Mazu, nani ga taisetu de, nani ga samatu ka o miwakeru hituyô ga aru. Wakatigaki ya tuzurikata ga hitotu de nakereba naranai to iu no wa omoikomi de atte, kotowari de wa nai. Aimaisa o nokosu koto to, detarame ni otiiru koto wa betu no koto de aru.

Tugi: Mitibikidasi
Mae: Kotoba no kumitate (Aramasi)

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